Skip to main content

Linkage Disequilibrium Statistics and Block Visualization

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Plant Bioinformatics

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 2443))

Abstract

Linkage disequilibrium analysis enables researchers to interrogate the genome for patterns of coinheritance between genetic markers. Visualizing these patterns, and the characteristic haplotype “blocks” of linked variants can be challenging; however, advancements are being made through the development of bioinformatics software. Here, we introduce methods for producing linkage disequilibrium statistics using the widely applicable population genomics tool PLINK, before plotting linkage blocks generated in R and utilizing visualization software LDBlockShow to compare different measures of linkage and definitions of blocks.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+
from €37.37 /Month
  • Starting from 10 chapters or articles per month
  • Access and download chapters and articles from more than 300k books and 2,500 journals
  • Cancel anytime
View plans

Buy Now

Protocol
EUR 44.95
Price includes VAT (Singapore)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
EUR 99.99
Price includes VAT (Singapore)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
EUR 119.99
Price excludes VAT (Singapore)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
EUR 159.99
Price excludes VAT (Singapore)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Flint-Garcia SA, Thornsberry JM, Buckler ES 4th (2003) Structure of linkage disequilibrium in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 54:357–374

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Wright SI, Kalisz S, Slotte T (2013) Evolutionary consequences of self-fertilization in plants. Proc Biol Sci 280(1760):20130133

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Barton NH (2000) Genetic hitchhiking. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 355(1403):1553–1562

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Lewontin RC (1964) The interaction of selection and linkage. I. General considerations; heterotic models. Genetics 49(1):49–67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Machiela MJ, Chanock SJ (2015) LDlink: a web-based application for exploring population-specific haplotype structure and linking correlated alleles of possible functional variants. Bioinformatics 31(21):3555–3557

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Alexander TA, Machiela MJ (2020) LDpop: an interactive online tool to calculate and visualize geographic LD patterns. BMC Bioinformatics 21(1):14

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Lin SH, Brown DW, Machiela MJ (2020) LDtrait: an online tool for identifying published phenotype associations in linkage disequilibrium. Cancer Res 80(16):3443–3446

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Purcell S et al (2007) PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am J Hum Genet 81(3):559–575

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Dong SS et al (2021) LDBlockShow: a fast and convenient tool for visualizing linkage disequilibrium and haplotype blocks based on variant call format files. Brief Bioinform 22(4):bbaa227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Bradbury PJ et al (2007) TASSEL: software for association mapping of complex traits in diverse samples. Bioinformatics 23(19):2633–2635

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Wu J et al (2020) Resequencing of 683 common bean genotypes identifies yield component trait associations across a north-south cline. Nat Genet 52(1):118–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Mangin B et al (2012) Novel measures of linkage disequilibrium that correct the bias due to population structure and relatedness. Heredity (Edinb) 108(3):285–291

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Barrett JC et al (2005) Haploview: analysis and visualization of LD and haplotype maps. Bioinformatics 21(2):263–265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jacob Marsh .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

About this protocol

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this protocol

Marsh, J. (2022). Linkage Disequilibrium Statistics and Block Visualization. In: Edwards, D. (eds) Plant Bioinformatics. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2443. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2067-0_25

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2067-0_25

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-2066-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-2067-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Key words

Publish with us

Policies and ethics